AKT inhibitor shows signs of effectiveness in a patient trial matching drugs to tumour gene mutations
Barcelona, Spain: In a trial matching new treatments to cancer patients based on the genetic make-up of their tumours, 22% of the patients treated with the AKT inhibitor drug ipatasertib had their tumours shrink. This included patients with breast cancer and endometrial cancer as well as two rarer forms – anal and salivary gland. In the majority of the other patients (56%) their cancer remained stable, meaning their tumours neither shrank nor grew.
The research involved a small number of patients with advanced cancers. The results were presented at the 34th EORTC-NCI-AACR [1] Symposium on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics in Barcelona, Spain, by Dr Carolyn McCourt from Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, USA.
Ipatasertib is an AKT inhibitor, meaning that it works by blocking a protein called AKT. AKT helps healthy cells grow and multiply, but genetic changes in some tumours mean this protein can also allow cancer cells to grow and spread.
Dr McCourt said: “Although we have known about the role of AKT in cancer for decades, there are currently no AKT inhibitors that have approval from the US Food and Drug Administration. Recently, several clinical trials have tested AKT inhibitors either alone or in combination with other treatments with some success.”
The new research is part of a larger study, called NCI-MATCH, that aims to determine whether cancer patients can be treated successfully by selecting therapies that target gene abnormalities found in their tumours, rather than by cancer type. NCI-MATCH is co-led by the ECOG-ACRIN Cancer Research Group and the National Cancer Institute, part of the US National Institutes of Health.
In this part of the study, patients all had tumours with a very specific genetic alteration called AKT1 E17K. This mutation is estimated to be present in up to 4% of breast tumours, around 2% of endometrial tumours, and a small proportion of other solid tumours.
The majority of the 32 patients treated with ipatasertib in the study had already tried at least three other types of treatment. During the trial, patients took ipatasertib orally once every day in cycles of 28 days and continued as long as they were well enough and the treatment continued to work.
In an estimated 44% of patients, their tumours did not grow for at least six months while taking ipatasertib.
The most common side effects that patients experienced were diarrhoea and nausea.
Dr McCourt told the Symposium: “This is a relatively small patient population and we do not have a large number of each individual tumour type. However, we have found signs that this treatment could be working for some patients.
“We need to do more research to understand why some patients’ tumours did not respond to ipatasertib, while other patients experienced a prolonged time when their disease remained stable on this treatment. We also need to investigate whether we can combine ipatasertib with other drugs to improve the outcome for more patients.”
The research team plan to analyse tumour samples further to look for any other clues that could help predict which patients will or will not benefit from taking this treatment.
Professor Ruth Plummer from Newcastle University, UK, is co-chair of the EORTC-NCI-AACR Symposium and was not involved in the research. She said: “NCI-MATCH gives patients an opportunity to receive targeted therapies based on the genetic changes in their tumour, rather than where in the body their tumour began to grow. It is an important trial because it involves patients with many different types of tumours. This includes particularly rare types of cancer, for which no standard treatments currently exist. It also offers alternative options for patients with cancers that have not responded to current recommended treatments.”
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Abstract no: 11, “Ipatasertib in Patients with Tumors with AKT Mutations: Results from the NCI-MATCH ECOG-ACRIN Trial (EAY131) Sub-protocol Z1K”, Late Breaking and Proffered Papers, Plenary Session 7, Room 111 & 112, 15.00-16.30 hrs CEST, Friday 28 October 2022.
Funding: The trial is funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) through its National Clinical Trials Network. Roche provided ipatasertib under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with NCI for Arm Z1K.
[1] EORTC [European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer, NCI [National Cancer Institute], AACR [American Association for Cancer Research].